Research Progress on Freeze-Thaw Leaching Remediation of Naphthalene Pollutio
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/fs0z7640Keywords:
Freeze-thaw cycle, Naphthalene contamination, Surfactant, Leaching remediation, Critical micelle concentration, Cohesive soil, Multiphase migration, Coupled technologyAbstract
Freeze-thaw-leaching coupling technology has become the frontier direction for the remediation of hydrophobic organic polluted soils such as naphthalene. This paper systematically reviews the multiphase migration mechanism of non-aqueous liquids (NAPLs) in the gas-enveloping zone and aquifer, and points out that the freeze-thaw cycle induces pressure through the volume expansion of the "ice-water-gas-soil" multiphase interface, which can reactivate the retained naphthalene and enhance its upward migration mobility. On this basis, the solubilization-desorption mechanism of naphthalene by surfactant synergistic leaching (SER) was analyzed: when the concentration was higher than the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the micelle hydrophobic nuclei encapsulated the naphthalene molecule, significantly reducing the water-soil interfacial tension and achieving efficient desorption of naphthalene. Anionic and nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween 80, SDBS, rhamnolipids, etc.) can remove naphthalene by more than 70% under alkaline, low salt and moderate flow rate (1–3 cm min⁻¹). The coupling process of "freeze-thaw cycle surfactant segmented leaching" is further proposed: the temperature gradient is used to drive the migration of unfrozen water to the freezing front during the freezing period, and the naphthalene enrichment is carried away. During the melting period, the naphthalene-containing leachate was quickly separated by negative pressure suction, which not only overcame the bottleneck of low permeability and strong tailing effect of cohesive soil, but also reduced the amount of surfactant and energy consumption. The field feasibility test showed that after 3–5 freeze-thaw-leaching cycles, the concentration of naphthalene in cohesive soil could be reduced from the initial ~500 mg kg⁻¹ to below the risk control value (<20 mg kg⁻¹), and the energy consumption was reduced by 35% compared with traditional hot leaching. This study provides a green, efficient and economical new remediation model for naphthalene-polluted cohesive sites in cold or seasonal frozen soil areas.
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